PANIC
Discrete periods of intense fear or discomfort in which at least four of the symptoms below develop abruptly and reach a crescendo within ten minutes. Typically ten minutes, these attacks may recur repeately, rapidly and may leave severe anxiety in its wake lasting for hours. Must occur unexpectedly or spontaneously in the absence of specific or environmental triggers (e.g. elevators). Four attacks over a four week period or one attack followed by one month of fearful anticipation of more. Subtypes include with or without agoraphobia (phobic avoidance).
Symptoms
shortness of breath – smothering sensation
dizziness, faintness or unsteady feeling
accelerated heart rate
trembling or shaking
sweating
choking
nausea
depersonalization or derealization
tingling
hot flashes or chills
chest pain
fear of dying
fear of going crazy or being out of control
Causes
Etiology is largely unknown at present. Medical or biochemical disturbances are suspected. Empirical clinical evidence suggests trumatic experiences and anger management problems may have a relationship. There is a significant correlation of people who have difficulty identifying, expressing or releasing anger and panic attacks.
Physicals ruling out thyroid, heart or other medical problems is routinely recommended.
Treatment
Behavioral Therapy – graduated exposure aimed at reducing avoidance and anticipatory anxiety
Cognitve Therapy – cognitive restructuring of maladaptive thought processes
Relaxation Therapy – biofeedback or breathing retraining
Pharmacologic – medications